Operators are symbols that represent specific actions we want to perform on data in our program. Think of them as small commands that tell the computer exactly what to do with the values, we give it. Without operators, our code would just be a bunch of words without any meaning. Operators are symbols or keywords that perform specific operations on variables and values within programming languages, including PHP .They are fundamental to programming as they enable data manipulation, decision-making, and control flow. In essence, operators allow programs to perform functional tasks using data. They serve as a bridge between data and the desired operations on that data. Therefore, understanding operators is crucial for writing efficient and readable PHP code. By understanding and utilizing operators, you can express complex programming ideas in a straightforward manner, optimize your code, and more easily troubleshoot errors. As they are the building blocks of any program, a solid grasp of operators is essential for every programmer.
In the PHP programming language, operators represent key elements that allow data manipulation and execution of various operations. PHP supports a wide range of operators and they are dividing into the following categories:
- Arithmetic operators
- Assignment operators
- Comparison operators
- Increment/Decrement operators
- Logical operators
- String operators
- Array operators
- Conditional assignment operators
PHP Operators in Action: Practical Examples and Detailed Explanations
manuel@manuel-virtual-machine:~$ sudo apt-get update
manuel@manuel-virtual-machine:~$
sudo apt-get upgrade
manuel@manuel-virtual-machine:~$
clear
manuel@manuel-virtual-machine:~$
cd /opt/lampp
manuel@manuel-virtual-machine:~$
ls
manuel@manuel-virtual-machine:/opt/lampp$
sudo ./manager-linux-x64.run
When the XAMPP manager
window opens, start the Apache Web Server and open Visual Studio Code. Click on index.php, then in the code editor panel, modify the following
part of the code.
<ul>
<li><a href="lessons/lesson01.php">
Lesson 1. - The text printing and comments
</a></li>
<li><a href="lessons/lesson02.php">
Lesson 2. - Variables and
data types
</a></li>
<li><a href="lessons/lesson03.php">
Lesson 3. – Operators
</a></li>
</ul>
In the lesson’s directory, create a new file and name it lesson03.php. First, concentrate on the following image that explains to us what we want to explain to visitors on our site.
To make our PHP operators webpage easier to navigate, we'll start by providing a comprehensive list of all categories. We'll then use HTML anchors to allow users to jump directly to the specific operator they're interested in. If you need a quick reminder on how to create HTML anchors, check out this resource, here. And type the following code:
<?php
$title = 'Lesson 3';
require_once '../includes/header.php';
?>
<h2 class="bg-primary text-light
text-center py-3">
Operators
</h2>
<div class="container">
<h2>PHP supports a wide range
of operators and they are dividing into the following categories:</h2><br/>
<ul>
<li><a href="#arithmetic">Arithmetic operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#assignment">Assignment operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#comparison">Comparison operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#increment_decrement">Increment/Decrement
operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#logical">Logical
operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#string">String
operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#array">Array
operators</a></li>
<li><a href="#conditional">Conditional
assignment operators</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="arithmetic">Arithmetic operators</h2>
<p>Arithmetic operators
allow you to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.</p>
<h2 id="assignment">Assignment operators</h2>
<p>Assignment operators are
used to assign values to variables. The most common is the <code>=</code> operator.</p>
<h2 id="comparison">Comparison operators</h2>
<p>Comparison operators are
used to compare two values and return true or false based on the comparison.</p>
<h2 id="increment_decrement">Increment/Decrement
operators</h2>
<p>Increment and decrement
operators are used to increase or decrease the value of a variable by 1.</p>
<h2 id="logical">Logical operators</h2>
<p>Logical operators are
used to combine conditional statements. The most common logical operators are <code>AND</code>, <code>OR</code>, and <code>NOT</code>.</p>
<h2 id="string">String operators</h2>
<p>String operators are used
to manipulate strings. The concatenation operator (<code>.</code>) is the most common.</p>
<h2 id="array">Array operators</h2>
<p>Array operators are used
to compare arrays or combine them in different ways.</p>
<h2 id="conditional">Conditional assignment
operators</h2>
<p>Conditional assignment
operators are used to assign a value to a variable based on a condition, such
as the ternary operator (<code>?:</code>).</p>
</br></br></br></br></br>
</div>
<!-- footer -->
<?php require_once '../includes/footer.php'; ?>
As demonstrated in the preceding code, through careful planning, organization, and a creative approach, we've successfully constructed the fundamental framework for our webpage. This page will serve as a platform for in-depth explorations of various operators, accompanied by illustrative examples. To visualize the current output, simply execute our project and navigate to the Operators link. The resulting page should closely resemble the image below:
We can now devote our attention to each individual category of PHP operators. For each category, we will create a corresponding code example and integrate it into the appropriate section of our webpage.
Arithmetic Operators - These operators allow basic mathematical operations:
addition +
subtraction -
multiplication *
division /
remainder of division %
Insert the following PHP code for arithmetic operators:
<?php
// Defining variables
$number1 = 67;
$number2 = 8;
// Addition
$sum = $number1 + $number2;
echo "<p>The sum of
numbers $number1 and $number2 is: $sum</p>";
// Subtraction
$difference = $number1 - $number2;
echo "<p>The
difference between numbers $number1 and $number2 is: $difference</p>";
// Multiplication
$product = $number1 * $number2;
echo "<p>The
product of numbers $number1 and $number2 is: $product</p>";
// Division
$quotient = $number1 / $number2;
echo "<p>The
quotient of numbers $number1 and $number2 is: $quotient</p>";
// Modulus (remainder of
division)
$remainder = $number1 % $number2;
echo "<p>The
remainder when dividing $number1 by $number2 is: $remainder</p>";
?>
Assignment Operators - Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:
simple assignment =
add and assign +=
subtract and assign -=
multiply and assign *=
divide and assign /=
modulo and assign %=
<?php
// Defining variables
$number1 = 67;
$number2 = 8;
$number3 = 67;
// Addition and assignment
$number3 += $number2;
echo "<p>$number1 += $number2; Equivalent to $number3 = $number1 + $number2; The sum of numbers is: $number3</p>";
// Subtraction and
assignment
$number3 = 67;
$number3 -= $number2;
echo "<p>$number1 -= $number2; Equivalent to $number3 = $number1 - $number2; The difference between
numbers is: $number3</p>";
// Multiplication and
assignment
$number3 = 67;
$number3 *= $number2;
echo "<p>$number1 *= $number2; Equivalent to $number3 = $number1 * $number2; The product of numbers
is: $number3</p>";
// Division and assignment
$number3 = 67;
$number3 /= $number2;
echo "<p>$number1 /= $number2; Equivalent to $number3 = $number1 / $number2; The quotient of numbers
is: $number3</p>";
// Modulus and assignment
$number3 = 67;
$number3 %= $number2;
echo "<p>$number1 %= $number2; Equivalent to $number3 = $number1 % $number2; The remainder when dividing is: $number3</p>";
?>
Comparison Operators - Comparison operators are used to compare two values, resulting in either true or false:
equal to ==
not equal to !=
greater than >
less than <
greater than or equal to >=
less than or equal to <=
Insert the following PHP code for comparison operators:
<?php
// Defining variables
$number1 = 67;
$number2 = 8;
// Printing results using
ternary operator
echo "<p>Operator
== ... Number $number1 is " . ($number1 == $number2 ? "equal to" : "not equal to") . " number $number2.</p>";
echo "<p>Operator
!= ... Number $number1 is " . ($number1 != $number2 ? "not equal to" : "equal to") . " number $number2.</p>";
echo "<p>Operator
> ... Number $number1 is " . ($number1 > $number2 ? "greater than" : "not greater
than") . " number $number2.</p>";
echo "<p>Operator
< ... Number $number1 is " . ($number1 < $number2 ? "less than" : "not less than") . " number $number2.</p>";
echo "<p>Operator
>= ... Number $number1 is " . ($number1 >= $number2 ? "greater than or
equal to" : "not greater than or
equal to") . " number $number2.</p>";
echo "<p>Operator
<= ... Number $number1 is " . ($number1 <= $number2 ? "less than or equal
to" : "not less than or
equal to") . " number $number2.</p>";
?>
Increment/Decrement Operators - Increment and decrement operators allow increasing or decreasing the value of a variable by 1:
increment ++
decrement –
<?php
// Increment operator (++)
$x = 67;
echo "<p>x = 67 ...
x before increment: " . $x . "</p>";
// Pre-increment
$y = ++$x;
echo "<p>y = ++x ... x after
pre-increment: " . $x . "</p>";
echo "<p>y: " . $y . "</p>";
//
Post-increment
$z = $x++;
echo "<p>z = x++
... x after post-increment: " . $x . "</p>";
echo "<p>z: " . $z . "</p>";
// Decrement operator (--)
$a = 8;
echo "<p>a = 8 ...
a before decrement: " . $a . "</p>";
// Pre-decrement
$b = --$a;
echo "<p>b = --a
... a after pre-decrement: " . $a . "</p>";
echo "<p>b: " . $b . "</p>";
//
Post-decrement
$c = $a--;
echo "<p>c = a--
... a after post-decrement: " . $a . "</p>";
echo "<p>c: " . $c . "</p>";
?>
Logical Operators - Logical operators allow combining multiple conditions:
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
logical NOT !
<?php
// Logical AND (&&)
operator
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
echo "<p>Logical AND (&&)
operator ... x = 5, y = 10 ... x > 0 && y > 0 ... Both x and y are
positive. " . ($x > 0 && $y > 0 ? "True" : "False") . "</p>";
// Logical OR (||) operator
$x = 5;
$y = -10;
echo "<p>Logical OR (||) operator ...
x = 5, y = -10 ... x > 0 || y > 0 ... At least one of x or y is
positive. " . ($x > 0 || $y > 0 ? "True" : "False") . "</p>";
// Logical NOT (!) operator
$x = 5;
echo "<p>Logical
NOT (!) operator ... x = 5, ... !x > 0 ... x is positive. " . (!$x > 0 ? "True" : "False") . "</p>";;
?>
String Operators - String operators allow manipulation of strings:
concatenation .
concatenate and assign .=
Insert the following PHP code for string operators:
<?php
// Names to concatenate
$firstName = "Manuel";
$lastName = "Radovanović";
// Concatenate the first
and last name
$fullName = $firstName . " " . $lastName;
// Print the result
echo "<p>Concatenating
the strings " . $firstName . " and " . $lastName . " with concatenation
. results in: " . $fullName . ".</p>";
?>
Array Operators - Array operators allow manipulation and comparison of arrays:
union +
equality ==
identity ===
inequality !=
non-identity !==
<?php
// Two arrays for
comparison
$array1 = array(1, 2, 3);
$array2 = array(4, 5, 6);
// Display both arrays
echo "<p>Array 1:
";
print_r($array1);
echo "</p>";
echo "<p>Array 2: ";
print_r($array2);
echo "</p>";
// Array comparison
operators
echo "<p>Array
comparison operators:</p>";
// Union operator (+), but
using array_merge instead
$unionArray = array_merge($array1, $array2);
echo "<p>Array
union (correct result): ";
print_r($unionArray);
echo "</p>";
// Equality operator (==)
$areEqual = $array1 == $array2;
echo "<p>Are arrays
equal? " . ($areEqual ? "Yes" : "No") . "</p>";
// Identity operator (===)
$areIdentical = $array1 === $array2;
echo "<p>Are arrays
identical? " . ($areIdentical ? "Yes" : "No") . "</p>";
// Inequality operator (!=)
$areNotEqual = $array1 != $array2;
echo "<p>Are arrays
different? " . ($areNotEqual ? "Yes" : "No") . "</p>";
// Non-identity operator
(!==)
$areNotIdentical = $array1 !== $array2;
echo "<p>Are arrays
different by identity? " . ($areNotIdentical ? "Yes" : "No") . "</p>";
?>
Conditional Assignment Operators - Conditional assignment operators allow you to assign values based on conditions:
ternary operator ?:
null coalescing operator ??
<!-- Ternary Operator
(?:) -->
<p>Ternary Operator (?:)</p>
<p> $broj = 10; $result =
($number > 5) ? "Number is greater than 5" : "Number is less
than or equal to 5";</p>
<p>
<?php
$number = 10;
$result = ($number > 5) ? "Number is greater
than 5" : "Number is less than
or equal to 5";
echo "Result: " . $result
?>
</p>
<!-- Explanation:-->
<p>
The ternary operator is a shorthand way of writing if-else statements.
In this example, we check if the variable $number is greater than 5.
If it is, the result will be Number is greater than 5, otherwise,
it will be Number is less than or equal to 5.
</p>
<!-- Null coalescing
operator (??) -->
<p>Null coalescing operator
(??)</p>
<p>$name = $_GET['name'] ??
'Guest';</p>
<p>
<?php
$name = $_GET['name'] ?? 'Guest';
echo "Hello, " . $name . "!";
?>
</p>
<!-- Explanation: -->
<p>
The null coalescing operator is used to check for null values.
If the left side of the operator is null, the right side is assigned.
In this example, if the GET parameter "name" is not set, the
variable `$name` will be assigned the value "Guest".
This operator is useful for setting default values.
</p>
If you now execute the Operators page, the result will be as follows:
PHP supports a wide range of operators and they are
dividing into the following categories:
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Increment/Decrement operators
Logical operators
String operators
Array operators
Conditional assignment operators
Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators allow you to perform basic
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division.
The sum of numbers 67 and 8 is: 75
The difference between numbers 67 and 8 is: 59
The product of numbers 67 and 8 is: 536
The quotient of numbers 67 and 8 is: 8.375
The remainder when dividing 67 by 8 is: 3
Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to
variables. The most common is the = operator.
67 += 8; Equivalent to 75 = 67 + 8; The sum of numbers is: 75
67 -= 8; Equivalent to 59 = 67 - 8; The difference
between numbers is: 59
67 *= 8; Equivalent to 536 = 67 * 8; The product of
numbers is: 536
67 /= 8; Equivalent to 8.375 = 67 / 8; The quotient of
numbers is: 8.375
67 %= 8; Equivalent to 3 = 67 % 8; The remainder when
dividing is: 3
Comparison operators
Comparison operators are used to compare two values
and return true or false based on the comparison.
Operator == ... Number 67 is not equal to number 8.
Operator != ... Number 67 is not equal to number 8.
Operator > ... Number 67 is greater than number 8.
Operator < ... Number 67 is not less than number 8.
Operator >= ... Number 67 is greater than or equal to number 8.
Operator <= ... Number 67 is not less than or equal to number 8.
Increment/Decrement operators
Increment and decrement operators are used to increase
or decrease the value of a variable by 1.
x = 67 ... x before increment: 67
y = ++x ... x after pre-increment: 68
y: 68
z = x++ ... x after post-increment: 69
z: 68
a = 8 ... a before decrement: 8
b = --a ... a after pre-decrement: 7
b: 7
c = a-- ... a after post-decrement: 6
c: 7
Logical operators
Logical operators are used to combine conditional
statements. The most common logical operators are AND, OR, and NOT.
Logical AND (&&) operator ... x = 5, y = 10 ... x > 0 && y > 0 ... Both x and y are positive. True
Logical OR (||) operator ... x = 5, y = -10 ... x > 0 || y > 0 ... At least one of x or y is positive. True
Logical NOT (!) operator ... x = 5, ... !x > 0 ... x is positive. False
String operators
String operators are used to manipulate strings. The
concatenation operator (.) is the most common.
Concatenating the strings Manuel and Radovanović with concatenation . results in: Manuel Radovanović.
Array operators
Array operators are used to compare arrays or combine
them in different ways.
Array 1: Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 2 [2] => 3 )
Array 2: Array ( [0] => 4 [1] => 5 [2] => 6 )
Array comparison operators:
Array union (correct result): Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 2 [2] => 3 [3] => 4 [4] => 5 [5] => 6 )
Are arrays equal? No
Are arrays identical? No
Are arrays different? Yes
Are arrays different by identity? Yes
Conditional assignment operators
Conditional assignment operators are used to assign a
value to a variable based on a condition, such as the ternary operator (?:).
Ternary Operator (?:)
$number = 10; $result = ($number > 5) ? "Number is greater than 5" : "Number is less than or equal to 5";
Result: Number is greater than 5
The ternary operator is a shorthand way of writing if-else statements. In this example, we check if the variable $number is greater than 5. If it is, the result will be Number is greater than 5, otherwise, it will be Number is less than or equal to 5.
Null coalescing operator (??)
$name = $_GET['name'] ?? 'Guest';
The null coalescing operator is used to check for null values. If the left side of the operator is null, the right side is assigned. In this example, if the GET parameter "name" is not set, the variable `$name` will be assigned the value "Guest". This operator is useful for setting default values.
You can also watch the creation of the entire Operators page in the following video.
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